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*Arpanet
*switched network
*TCP/IP
*spread in the 90's
...
*Application
*Transport
*Network
*Physical / Data link
from wikipedia
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| Code Block |
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eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:D1:93:AE:EA inet addr:192.168.10.1 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::219:d1ff:fe93:aeea/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:20 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:3345 (3.2 KB) Base address:0x30c0 Memory:90300000-90320000 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:80:48:51:A5:31 inet addr:192.168.0.100 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::280:48ff:fe51:a531/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:3364 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2897 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:3753263 (3.5 MB) TX bytes:488792 (477.3 KB) Interrupt:21 Base address:0xe800 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:74 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:74 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:8537 (8.3 KB) TX bytes:8537 (8.3 KB) |
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| Code Block |
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192.168.0.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.100 192.168.10.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.10.1 default via 192.168.0.1 dev eth1 metric 100 |
ping
output of ping
| Code Block |
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ping 65.212.180.178
PING 65.212.180.178 (65.212.180.178) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 65.212.180.178: icmp_seq=1 ttl=50 time=396 ms
64 bytes from 65.212.180.178: icmp_seq=2 ttl=50 time=420 ms
64 bytes from 65.212.180.178: icmp_seq=3 ttl=50 time=394 ms
--- 65.212.180.178 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 3 received, 25% packet loss, time 3010ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 394.577/403.996/420.659/11.838 ms
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...
output of tracepath
| Code Block |
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tracepath 65.212.180.178 1: 192.168.0.100 (192.168.0.100) 0.188ms pmtu 1492 1: 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2) asymm 36 4.262ms 2: 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) asymm 102 5.671ms 3: 59.92.64.1 (59.92.64.1) asymm 4 119.448ms 4: 218.248.255.10 (218.248.255.10) 141.537ms 5: 218.248.255.10 (218.248.255.10) asymm 4 136.279ms 6: 220.227.53.238 (220.227.53.238) 160.888ms 7: 62.216.145.81 (62.216.145.81) asymm 17 433.441ms 8: so-6-0-0.0.cjr01.ldn004.flagtel.com (62.216.128.145) asymm 16 432.633ms 9: 82.195.188.21 (82.195.188.21) asymm 14 411.295ms 10: sl-bb22-lon-8-0.sprintlink.net (213.206.128.60) asymm 13 418.883ms 11: sl-bb20-nyc-2-0.sprintlink.net (144.232.9.163) asymm 13 433.378ms 12: sl-bb26-nyc-6-0.sprintlink.net (144.232.13.9) asymm 14 415.121ms 13: 144.232.8.194 (144.232.8.194) asymm 15 427.211ms 14: tbr1.n54ny.ip.att.net (12.122.81.10) asymm 22 425.951ms 15: cr1.n54ny.ip.att.net (12.122.16.161) asymm 21 442.912ms 16: cr1.cgcil.ip.att.net (12.122.1.190) asymm 20 429.262ms 17: cr1.st6wa.ip.att.net (12.122.31.162) asymm 19 439.363ms 18: tbr1.st6wa.ip.att.net (12.122.23.154) 445.856ms 19: gbr1.st6wa.ip.att.net (12.122.12.158) asymm 17 440.989ms 20: gar1.ptdor.ip.att.net (12.123.44.121) asymm 15 422.986ms 21: 12.118.177.66 (12.118.177.66) asymm 13 421.216ms 22: po1.ir1.cvo2.kattare.net (204.13.9.2) asymm 14 420.901ms 23: ground1.kattare.com (65.212.180.178) asymm 15 437.003ms reached Resume: pmtu 1492 hops 23 back 15 |